NASA's desire to study and characterize the solar system and small bodies like comets and asteroids will be done by in-situ robotic systems in the near term.

Over the next decades, NASA’s planned solar system exploration missions are targeting planets, moons and small bodies, where spacecraft would be expected to encounter diverse extreme environmental (EE) conditions throughout ...

Using empirical results on the interplanetary magnetic field strengths of magnetic clouds versus velocities, we show that the 1 September 1859 Carrington solar flare most likely had an associated intense magnetic cloud ...